Temperature (T):
Proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles.  The higher the temperature the faster the molecules move.

Kelvin (K):
Temperature scale used in gas calculations.  Has an absolute zero.   °C + 273 = K

Pressure:
Force of gas molecules colliding with surfaces

Atmospheric pressure:
Pressure due to the layers of air in the atmosphere

Standard Temperature and pressure:
1 atm (or anything it’s equal to) and 0°C (273 K)

Linear Expansion Coefficient (α): 
Linear expansion of a material per °C increase in temperature.

Volume Expansion Coefficient (ß):
Volume expansion of a material per °C increase in temperature.

Endothermic reaction:
Energy is absorbed into the system from the surroundings.

Exothermic reaction:
Energy is released from the system into the surroundings.

Specific Heat Capacity (C_p):
Amount of energy that 1 gram of material can absorb before increasing in temperature. Cp for water: 4.18 J or 1.00 cal

Enthalpy of fusion (L_fus):
Energy needed to break enough intermolecular forces to change a solid into a liquid

Enthalpy of vaporization (L_vap):
Energy needed to break the intermolecular forces to change a liquid into a gas.

Thermal Equilibrium: 
Two objects at different temperatures will come to the same temperature when placed together.

This tutorial describes gas in a variety of ways.  Initially the role of temperature is described.  As a gas is heated, it moves more and possesses more kinetic energy.  It may expand depending upon the container.  There are a variety of mathematical ways to describe the motion and behavior of gases. 

Next, the expansion effects of heat are described.  Materials can expand linearly, or over some volume. Next, the some methods of describing heat added to materials are described.  For example, specific heat tells the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a particular substance.  Heats of vaporization and fusion describe the heat needed for phase changes.

Specific Tutorial Features:

• Graphic organizers to illustrate concept relationships.
• Example problems with notions and hints for difficult sections.
• Animated diagrams showing thermal processes

 Series Features:

• Concept map showing inter-connections of new concepts in this tutorial and those previously introduced.
• Definition slides introduce terms as they are needed.
• Visual representation of concepts
• Animated examples—worked out step by step
• A concise summary is given at the conclusion of the tutorial.

Temperature Scales

• Fahrenheit
  
• Celsius
  
• Kelvin and absolute zero

Thermal Expansion

• Expansion, linear and volume
  
• Thermometers and thermostats

Energy in thermal processes

• Heat and internal energy equation
  
• State functions
  
• Specific heat and heat capacity
  
• Endothermic and exothermic
  
• Calorimetry
  
• Phase changes